European Muslim, Radicalism, Terrorism, and Democracy: A Reflection

Alfian Alfian, Herdi Sahrasad, Dedy Tabrani, Al Chaidar

Abstract


This article argues that, in the future, Europe Union (EU) is predicted to continue to confront the expression of Islamization of acts of terror and radicalism by Muslim youth amid the complexity of the problem and amid the fact that government security forces in Belgium and other European countries are often uncomplicated, low-paid secret agents, open to the movement of fundamentalism, and the proliferation of the black market of weapons. All this has made Europe a very vulnerable area against terrorist attacks and militarism in cloak of religion. Indeed, a problem and a challenge to be solved amid issues of potential cracking or collapse of the Europe Union.


Keywords


Europe; terrorist; Muslim; Islamophobia; ISIS

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aminullah Elhady, Perkembangan Islam di Amerika, Sebelum dan Setelah Tragedi 11 September 2001, jurnal Al-Hikmah, Vol. 13, No. 1 Oktober 2015

Ayu Rahmadani, Migrasi dan Transnasionalisme: Sekuritisasi Imigran Muslim dan Kelompok Imigran Muslim Transnasional di Belanda, paper Hubungan Internasional, Fisip Unair, Surabaya, 2015.

Barry Buzan et.al, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, London: Lynne Rienner.,1988, h.23.

Christopher Allen dan Jorgen S. Nielsen. “Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001. http://fra.europe.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/199-Synthesis-report_en.pdf, 9/5/ 2017 pukul 18:11 WIB. Jakarta.

Europe's Muslim women: under cover and under pressure? http://www.epc.eu/events_rep_details.php?cat_id=6&pub_id=1082 diakses pukul 22.00.

Hans Kung, Presiden Stiftung Weltethos (Foundation for a Global Ethics,2012)

Hanan Rananta Arbi , Reaksi Uni Eropa terhadap Islamophoia di Perancis pada tahun 2011-2015,tesis, Hubungan Internasional, Fisip UNS,2016.

Islamist Terrorism: Analysis of Offences and Attacks in the UK 1998-2015,

Michael C. Williams, Words, Images, and Enemies: Securitization and International Politics, International Studies Quarterly, 47, 2003, pp 511-531

Mochamad Faisal Karim, Proses Munculnya Euro-Islam sebagai Transnational Norms di kalangan Muslim Eropa, Jurnal Kajian Wilayah,LIPI, Vol 1, No 1 (2010).

Muhammad Qobidl Ainul Arif. Politik Islamophobia Eropa: Menguak Eksistensi Sentimen Anti-Islam Dalam Isu Keanggotaan Turki. Yogyakarta: Deepublish. 2014

Mudzakir Amdjad, Hantu Islamisasi di benak Eropa, https://www.merdeka.com/khas/hantu-islamisasi-di-benak-eropa.html diakses 5/5/17 pukul 20.11

Natasha T Duncan, dan Eren Tatari, Immigration and Muslim Immigrants: A Comparative Analysis of European States. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 2011.

Oliver Roy, Jihad and Death: The Global Appeal of Islamic State, Oxford University Press,2017.

Peter Gonta, ‘Uni Eropa di Ujung Tanduk’, Kompas, Sabtu, 01 April 2017.

Priadi, R., et al. (2018). ISIS Terror on detik.com Online Media in Indonesia. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal). P. 451-464.

Soeren Kern,Macron Vows to Reform Islam in France"It is time to bring in a new generation.", https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/11893/france-islam-reform

Stephen Castle. T.t. “Islamophobia Takes a Grip Across Europe”. http://www.islamophobia.org/readarticle.php?article_id=76, diakses 5/5/ 2017 pukul 12:11 WIB.

Sumanto Al-Qurtuby, 2017, https://www.dw.com/id/kaum-islamis-datang-budaya-toleransi-hilang/a-41374946

Suwito. Sejarah Sosial Pendidikan Islam. Jakarta: Kencana, 2008.

Tinka Veldhuis dan Edwin Bekker, Muslim in the Netherlands: Tension and Violent Conflict. Moroccon Policy Working Paper 6, 2009.

The Report of the European Union Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA), 2009: 1-4.

The Henry Jackson Society, London, Report 2017.

Terror and a Generation of Nihilists: A Conversation with Olivier Roy, http://www.weeklystandard.com/terror-and-a-generation-of-nihilists-a-conversation-with-olivier-roy/article/2004955, diakses pukul 22.00

Umut Kedikli, PhD, ‘’ Rising Islamophobic Discourses in Europe and Fight Against Islamophobia on the Basis of International Organizations’’, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 9 No 1, January 2018, h.9-23,




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i3.2302

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 90 times
PDF - 55 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.