_.gif)
_.gif)
The Potential of Indonesian Natural Materials as Immunomodulators and Tonics for National Resilience of Public Health in the Era Covid-19 Pandemic
Abstract
Indonesia is abundant in natural substances with immunomodulatory and tonic qualities that can help maintain immunity and keep the body healthy in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper Analysing herbal plants that are effective in terms of safety and actual efficacy in increasing the endurance and fitness of Indonesians in the face of the Covid 19 Pandemic becomes the first step in pioneering efforts to create national drug independence and sovereignty in the context of national health sector resilience. This study suggests that herbal plants such as Papaya (Carica papaya), Turmeric/Curcumin (Curcuma domestica), Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri), Brotowali (Tinospora crispa), and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) which have immunomodulatory and tonic properties, as well as data on the potential for increasing endurance and body wellness by enhancing immune response, to raise awareness of the nation's ability and potential natural resources in supporting national drug independence, resilience, and sovereignty. Therefore, the usage of immunomodulator herbal medications is thought to have an activity to boost the immune system and protect the body from COVID-19 and preparedness for the next pandemic. However, these findings should be confirmed through additional scientific research or clinical trials.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Aditya NP, Chimote G, Gunalan K, Banerjee R, Patankar S, Madhusudhan B. Curcuminoids-loaded liposomes in combination with arteether protects against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Experimental parasitology. 2012;131(3):292–9.
Adnyana I Ketut, Suciyati Siti Wakhidatun. Napak Tilas Jahe Gajah (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var officinale) dan Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale var rubrum). 2017;
Ahmad W, Jantan I, Bukhari SNA. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson: A Review of Its Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Aspects. Frontiers in Pharmacology [Internet]. 2016;7:59. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2016.00059
Amalraj A, Pius A, Gopi S, Gopi S. Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives - A review. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine [Internet]. 2016 Jun 15;7(2):205–33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28417091
Amri M, Touil-Boukoffa C. In vitro anti-hydatic and immunomodulatory effects of ginger and [6]-gingerol. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2016 Aug 1;9(8):749–56.
Ansary J, Forbes-Hernández TY, Gil E, Cianciosi D, Zhang J, Elexpuru-Zabaleta M, et al. Potential health benefit of garlic based on human intervention studies: A brief overview. Vol. 9, Antioxidants. MDPI AG; 2020. p. 1–35.
Asgari S, Pousaz LA. Human genetic variants identified that affect COVID susceptibility and severity. Nature. 2021 Jul 8;
Astuti I, Ysrafil. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020 Jul 1;14(4):407–12.
Ayoola PB, Adeyeye A. Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Carica papaya (pawpaw) leaves. International Journal of Research. 2010;5:325–8.
Bara, A., et.al. (2021). The Effectiveness of Advertising Marketing in Print Media during the Covid 19 Pandemic in the Mandailing Natal Region. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 4 (1): 879-886.
Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, di Napoli R. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). 2021;
Catanzaro M, Corsini E, Rosini M, Racchi M, Lanni C. Immunomodulators inspired by nature: A review on curcumin and Echinacea. Vol. 23, Molecules. MDPI AG; 2018.
Changtam C, de Koning HP, Ibrahim H, Sajid MS, Gould MK, Suksamrarn A. Curcuminoid analogs with potent activity against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. European journal of medicinal chemistry. 2010;45(3):941–56.
Choi E-M, Hwang J-K. Screening of Indonesian medicinal plants for inhibitor activity on nitric oxide production of RAW264.7 cells and antioxidant activity. 2005;
Ezzat MI, Okba MM, Ahmed SH, El-Banna HA, Prince A, Mohamed SO, et al. In-depth hepatoprotective mechanistic study of Phyllanthus niruri: In vitro and in vivo studies and its chemical characterization. PLoS ONE. 2020 Jan 1;15(1).
Gede P, Wira Perdana R. Review Artikel: Aktivitas Imunomodulator Ekstrak Herba Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.). Vol. 4. 2021.
Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A review of micronutrients and the immune system–working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 1;12(1).
Hutomo S, Putri DU, Suryanto YI, Susilowati H. Potential immunomodulatory activity of Phyllanthus niruri aqueous extract on macrophage infected with Streptococcus sanguinis. Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi). 2018 Sep 30;51(3):124.
Kalpravidh RW, Siritanaratkul N, Insain P, Charoensakdi R, Panichkul N, Hatairaktham S, et al. Improvement in oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in β-thalassemia/Hb E patients treated with curcuminoids. Clinical biochemistry. 2010;43(4–5):424–9.
Khan MA, El-Khatib R, Rainsford KD, Whitehouse MW. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory properties of some aromatic and heterocyclic aromatic curcuminoids. Bioorganic chemistry. 2012;40:30–8.
Keni R, Alexander A, Nayak PG, Mudgal J, Nandakumar K. COVID-19: Emergence, Spread, Possible Treatments, and Global Burden. Frontiers in Public Health [Internet]. 2020;8:216. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00216
Koay YC, Amir F. A review of the secondary metabolites and biological activities of Tinospora crispa (Menispermaceae). Vol. 12, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2013. p. 641–9.
Koga AY, Beltrame FL, Pereira A v. Several aspects of Zingiber zerumbet: a review. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia [Internet]. 2016;26(3):385–91. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0102695X16000259
Kurniasari L, Hartati I, Ratnani RD. Kajian Ekstraksi Minyak Jahe Kadar Zingiberene Tinggi Dengan MAE. 2008.
Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Vol. 508, Clinica Chimica Acta. Elsevier B.V.; 2020. p. 254–66.
Mahboubi M. Zingiber officinale Rosc. essential oil, a review on its composition and bioactivity. Clinical Phytoscience. 2019 Dec;5(1).
Mao QQ, Xu XY, Cao SY, Gan RY, Corke H, Beta T, et al. Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (zingiber officinale roscoe). Vol. 8, Foods. MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2019.
Muradi. Civil Defence and National Security: Composition and Implementation Model in National Defence [Internet]. 2017. Available from: http://www.cnnindonesia.com/politik/2015101220
Ningrum, P.A., Hukom, A., and Adiwijaya, S. (2020). The Potential of Poverty in the City of Palangka Raya: Study SMIs Affected Pandemic Covid 19. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 3 (3): 1626-1634.
Otsuki N, Dang NH, Kumagai E, Kondo A, Iwata S, Morimoto C. Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010 Feb;127(3):760–7.
Panahi Y, Saadat A, Beiraghdar F, Nouzari SMH, Jalalian HR, Sahebkar A. Antioxidant effects of bioavailability-enhanced curcuminoids in patients with solid tumors: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Functional Foods. 2014;6:615–22.
Paramasivam M, Poi R, Banerjee H, Bandyopadhyay A. High-performance thin layer chromatographic method for quantitative determination of curcuminoids in Curcuma longa germplasm. Food Chemistry. 2009;113(2):640–4.
Panyod S, Ho CT, Sheen LY. Dietary therapy and herbal medicine for COVID-19 prevention: A review and perspective. Vol. 10, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. National Taiwan University; 2020. p. 420–7.
Péret-Almeida L, Cherubino APF, Alves RJ, Dufossé L, Glória MBA. Separation and determination of the physico-chemical characteristics of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Food Research International. 2005;38(8–9):1039–44.
Rajanna M, Bharathi B, Shivakumar BR, Deepak M, Prashanth DS, Prabakaran D, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of Andrographis paniculata extract in healthy adults – An open-label study. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2021 Jul 1;12(3):529–34.
Saroj P, Verma M, Jha KK, Pal M. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research AN OVERVIEW ON IMMUNOMODULATION [Internet]. Vol. 2012, Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 2012. Available from: http://www.sciensage.info/jasr
Sihombing, E.H., and Nasib. (2020). The Decision of Choosing Course in the Era of Covid 19 through the Telemarketing Program, Personal Selling and College Image. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal) Vol 3 (4): 2843-2850.
Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Vol. 87, Indian Journal of Pediatrics. Springer; 2020. p. 281–6.
Singh SP, Kumar S, Mathan S v, Singh Tomar M, Rishi &, Singh K, et al. Therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract in the management of human diseases. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-020-00348-7
Singh SP, Kumar S, Mathan S v, Singh Tomar M, Rishi &, Singh K, et al. Therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract in the management of human diseases. 2020; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-020-00348-7
Somanah J, Bourdon E, Bahorun T. Extracts of Mauritian Carica papaya (var. solo) protect SW872 and HepG2 cells against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2017 Jun 1;54(7):1917–27.
Sukmanadi M, Sabdoningrum EK, Ananda aditya T. In Silico Study : Phyllanthus Niruri L as Immunomodulator Against Covid-19. 2020;
Tan BKH, Vanitha J. Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Effects of Some Traditional Chinese Medicinal Herbs: A Review. Vol. 11, Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2004.
Tiwari R, Latheef SK, Ahmed I, N Iqbal HM, Hussen Bule M, Dhama K, et al. Herbal Immunomodulators-A Remedial Panacea for Designing and Developing Effective Drugs and Medicines: Current Scenario and Future Prospects.
Tjandrawinata RR, Susanto LW, Nofiarny D. The use of phyllanthus niruri L. as an immunomodulator for the treatment of infectious diseases in clinical settings. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2017;7(3):132–40.
Wall MM. Ascorbic acid, vitamin A, and mineral composition of banana (Musa sp.) and papaya (Carica papaya) cultivars grown in Hawaii. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2006 Aug 1;19(5):434–45.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. 2020 Mar 17;323(11):1061–9.
Yuandani, Jantan I, Rohani AS, Sumantri IB. Immunomodulatory Effects and Mechanisms of Curcuma Species and Their Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Vol. 12, Frontiers in Pharmacology. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2021.
Zhan P-Y, Zeng X-H, Zhang H-M, Li H-H. High-efficient column chromatographic extraction of curcumin from Curcuma longa. Food chemistry. 2011;129(2):700–3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i2.4805
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 73 timesPDF - 38 times
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.