Cuba's Foreign Policy During Covid-19 Pandemic

Mutiara Dian Hergiati, Honest Dody Molasy, Supriyadi Supriyadi

Abstract


Each country pursues a different foreign policy to overcome the spread of COVID-19. For example, The United States recruit medical staff from overseas, and exporting medical equipment is prohibited in Germany and China. Due to those policies, developing and poor countries have difficulty accessing medical equipment and medical doctors from other countries. In the middle of that situation, Cuba implemented a controversial foreign policy of sending its medical personnel and pharmaceuticals to other countries for free. Cuba faces a similar issue, a large number of COVID-19 patients in the country as well as economic challenges as a result of the US economic embargo. Using theories of health diplomacy, cultivated spill-over, and the concept of symbolic capital, this study argues that the purpose of Cuba's foreign policy of sending its medical personnel overseas is for recognition. International recognition is significant for Cuba as international recognition would encourage other countries to collaborate in the health sector or other sectors with Cuba. Furthermore, Cuba's foreign policy is projected to inspire compassion for countries throughout the world in international forums, which can assist Cuba in resolving international issues, particularly the US economic embargo.


Keywords


cuba's health diplomacy; foreign policy; covid-19 pandemic

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aldalala’a, N. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 on Global Politics : ‘ It is all in the response .’ 2020(April), 1–9. http://trendsresearch.org/insight/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-global-politics-it-is-all-in-the-response/

AlJazeera. (2021). UNGA Votes to Call for end to US Embargo on Cuba for 29th Time. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2021/6/24/un-assembly-votes-to-call-for-end-to-us-embargo-on-cuba

Armocida, B., Formenti, B., Ussai, S., Palestra, F., & Missoni, E. (2020). The Italian Health System and the COVID-19 Challenge. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30074-8

Basaran, T., & Olsson, C. (2018). Becoming International : On Symbolic Capital, Conversion, and Privilege. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 46(2), 96–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829817739636

Behnam, M., Bernstein, J., Gambell, T. a, & Karunakaran, S. (2020). COVID-19 Exposes a Critical Shortage of Oxygen in Developing Countries. In McKinsey & Company (Issue August).

Betz, B. (2020, May 20). Cuban Coctors Mexico Coronavirus. Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/world/cuban-doctors-mexico-coronavirus

Bhaskar, S., Tan, J., Bogers, M. L. A. M., Minssen, T., Badaruddin, H., Israeli-Korn, S., & Chesbrough, H. (2020). At the Epicenter of COVID-19–the Tragic Failure of the Global Supply Chain for Medical Supplies. Frontiers in Public Health, 8(November), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.562882

Bhaumik, S., John, O., & Jha, V. (2021). Low-value Medical Care in the Pandemic—Is this What The Doctor Ordered? The Lancet Global Health, 9(9), e1203–e1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00252-7

Bjola, C., & Kornprobst, M. (2018). Understanding International Diplomacy: Theory, Practice and Ethics. In Understanding International Diplomacy: Theory, Practice and Ethics (Second). Routledge.

Bloomberg. (2021a). Mexico Hopes to Work with Cuba on Covid Vaccine Phase 3 Trial. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-14/mexico-hopes-to-work-with-cuba-on-covid-vaccine-phase-3-trial

Bloomberg. (2021b, January 14). Irked by Vaccine Delays Jamaica turns to Cuba and China. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-14/irked-by-vaccine-delays-jamaica-turns-to-cuba-and-china

Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (2013). Symbolic Capital and Social Classes. Journal of Classical Sociology, 13(2), 292–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X12468736

Chou, L. Y. (2020). The Role of the European Court of Justice in the Process of European Integration. Marmara University.

Cubasi. (2020). Italy, Cuba Advocate Promoting Inter-Parliamentary Ties. Cubasi. https://cubasi.cu/en/news/italy-cuba-advocate-promoting-inter-parliamentary-ties

Diariodecuba. (2020, June 9). Mexico City Pays 10,700 for Each Doctor Contracted via the Cuban Government. Diariodecuba. https://diariodecuba.com/cuba/1591697512_23047.html

ECLAC. (2020). COVID-19 REPORTS : Impact of COVID-19 on the United States economy and the policy response (Issue February).

Escambray. (2020, July 1). Andorra Health Minister Praises Work of Cuban Medical Brigade. Escambray. http://en.escambray.cu/2020/andorra-health-minister-praises-work-of-cuban-medical-brigade/

Euro Weekly News. (2020, March 26). Cuba to Send 52 Doctors to Spain to Help Them Battle through The Coronavirus Crisis. https://www.euroweeklynews.com/tag/cuba-to-send-52-doctors-to-spain-to-help-them-battle-through-the-coronavirus-crisis/

Fazal, T. M. (2020). Health Diplomacy in Pandemical Times. International Organization, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000326

Fidler, D. P. (2001). Legal Issues Surrounding Public Health Emergencies. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1093/phr/116.S2.79

Frank, M. (2022). Cuban Tourism Industry Flounders as Sunseekers Look Elsewhere. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/cuban-tourism-industry-flounders-sunseekers-look-elsewhere-2022-02-18/

Hanoi Times. (2021, August 24). Cuba Pledges 10 Million Vaccine Doses to Vietnam. Hanoi Times. http://hanoitimes.vn/cuba-pledges-10-million-vaccine-doses-to-vietnam-318473.html

Kiet, A. (2020, August 8). Cuba Donates Antiviral Drug to Help Vietnam Cure Covid-19 Patients. Hanoi Times. https://hanoitimes.vn/cuba-donates-antiviral-drug-to-help-vietnam-cure-covid-19-patients-313769.html

Minrex. (2020a). Cuba Thanks the Donation Received from South Africa to Fight COVID-19. Minrex. https://cubaminrex.cu/en/node/2803

Minrex. (2020b, May 19). Indescribable Pride for Cuban Medic in Italy. Minrex. https://cubaminrex.cu/en/node/2060

Molasy, HD. (2012). The Implementation of Islamic Law in Indonesia What Should We Learn From Suku Donggo. in: Conference Proceedings: Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies (AICIS) XII, 5 – 8 November 2012, Surabaya – Indonesia.

Nhan Dan. (2021, July 29). Vietnam Offers 10.000 Tonnes of Rice to Cuba. Nhan Dan. https://en.nhandan.vn/politics/item/10222102-vietnam-offers-10-000-tonnes-of-rice-to-cuba.html

Ningrum, P. et al. (2020). The Potential of Poverty in the City of Palangka Raya: Study SMIs Affected Pandemic Covid 19. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute Journal (BIRCI-Journal). P. 1626-1634

Prensa Latina. (2021a). Crean en Cuba Nueva Empresa Mixta Biotecnologica. https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2021/09/01/crean-en-cuba-nueva-empresa-mixta-biotecnologica

Prensa Latina. (2021b). Suriname Extends Collaboration of Cuban Medical Brigade. Prensa Latina. https://www.plenglish.com/news/2021/04/11/suriname-extends-collaboration-of-cuban-medical-brigade/

Prensa Latina. (2021c, March 16). Vietnam Reiterates Its Support to Cuba Against US Blockade. Prensa Latina. https://news.prensa-latina.cu/?p=32234/2021/03/16/vietnam-reiterates-its-support-to-cuba-against-us-blockade/

Prensa Latina. (2021d, September 1). New Biotechnology Joint Venture Set Up in cuba. Prensa Latina. https://www.plenglish.com/news/2021/09/01/new-biotechnology-joint-venture-set-up-in-cuba/#:~:text=Havana%2C Sep 1 (Prensa Latina,an official report revealed today.&text=Quoted by Granma newspaper the,Special Development Zone (ZEDM).

Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2020). The State of Qatar’s Aid to friendly countries to confront the emerging corona virus “Covid-19” (Issue August). https://ejmcm.com/article_7712_4807c25011ca0a64e1954e3261cb383d.pdf

Radio Angulo. (2021, August 26). Another Italian Medical Donation to Cuba to face the Covid-19. Radio Angulo. https://www.radioangulo.cu/en/cuba/247207-another-italian-medical-donation-to-cuba-to-face-the-covid-19

Redwan, H. (2021). Spain Organizations Support Cuba. The Carribean Alert. https://www.thecaribbeanalert.com/spain-organizations-support-cuba

Reuters. (2020, March 17). Brazil to Hire More Doctors to Fight Coronavirus, including Cubans. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-cuba-idUKKBN21340F

Reuters. (2021a, June 24). Venezuela Receives First Shipment Cuban Coronavirus Vaccine. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-receives-first-shipment-cuban-coronavirus-vaccine-2021-06-24/

Reuters. (2021b, August 24). Vietnam Says Cuba Supply Covid-19 Vaccine Transfer Technology. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/vietnam-says-cuba-supply-covid-19-vaccine-transfer-technology-2021-08-24/

Schmitter, P. c. (2005). Ernst B.Haas and the Legacy of Neofunctionalism. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13501760500043951

Shameem, C. C., & Mohammed, A. I. (2020). The Global Vaccine Competitions : An Overview of COVID-19. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 07(10), 3882–3898. https://ejmcm.com/article_7712_4807c25011ca0a64e1954e3261cb383d.pdf

Sicilian News. (2020, November 23). Sicilia Chiama Cuba Arrivano Medici ed Anestesisti a Supporto. Sicilian News. https://sicilianews24.it/sicilia-chiama-cuba-arrivano-medici-ed-anestesisti-a-supporto-632813.html?refresh_ce

Taiwan News. (2021, June 10). Nicaragua to buy 7 million doses of Cuban Vaccines. Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4307234

Telesur English. (2020a). Spain : Catalonia wants Cuban Health Workers to Fiht COVID-19. Telesur English. https://www.telesurenglish.net/amp/news/Spain-Catalonia-Wants-Cuban-Health-Workers-to-Fight-COVID-19-20200402-0004.html

Telesur English. (2020b, May 25). Italy Recommends Cuan Medical Brigade for Nobel Peace Prize. Telesur English. https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/italy-people-and-authorities-recognize-cubas-solidarity--20200525-0002.html

Telesur English. (2020c, July 10). 100 Cuban Doctors to Remain in Kenya Until the End of the Year. Telesur English. https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/100-Cuban-Doctors-to-Remain-in-Kenya-Until-the-End-of-the-Year-20200610-0006.html

Telesur English. (2021, July 8). Mexico Confirms Its Interest in Buying Cuban COVID 19 Vaccines. Telesur English. https://www.telesurenglish.net/news/Mexico-Confirms-Its-Interest-in-Buying-Cuban-COVID-19-Vaccines-20210708-0007.html

The Guardian. (2020, November 25). Sicily asks Cuba to Send Medics as Italy Fights Second Covid Wave. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/25/sicily-asks-cuba-to-send-medics-as-italy-fights-second-covid-wave

Torres, N. G. (2021). Migiel Diaz-Canrl Visits Mexico. Miami Herald. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article254282368.html

Tranholm-Mikkelsen, J. (1991). Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC. Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 20(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298910200010201

Tuoitrenews. (2021, September 16). Vietnam President to visit Cuba attend United Nations Session in US. Tuoitrenews. https://tuoitrenews.vn/news/politics/20210916/vietnam-president-to-visit-cuba-attend-united-nations-session-in-us/63127.html

United Nations. (2021, June 23). Adopting Annual Resolution, Delegates in General Assembly Urge Immediate Repeal of Embargo on Cuba, Especially amid Global Efforts to Combat COVID-19 Pandemic. United Nations. https://www.un.org/press/en/2021/ga12341.doc.htm

Verza, M. (2021, July 28). 3 Mexican Ships Taking Fuel, Medical Aid and Food to Cuba. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/lifestyle-sports-health-cuba-caribbean-ef152e53bb21cb483079875f75ecdb7f

Vietnam News Agency. (2021, July 23). Defence Ministry Presents Medical Supplies, Equipment to Cuba. Vietnam News Agency. https://vietnam.vnanet.vn/english/tin-van/defence-ministry-presents-medical-supplies-equipment-to-cuba-266989.html

World Bank. (2020a). GDP per Capita of India. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=US-IN

World Bank. (2020b). GDP per Capita of US. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD

Zuleeg, F. (2020). The Economic impact of COVID-19 on the EU: From the Frying Pan into the Fire (Issue April).




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i2.4915

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 195 times
PDF - 68 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.