Terroir-Driven Efficacy : Harnessing the Chemogeographical Variation in Vetiveria zizanioides Essential Oils for Stage-Specific Management of the Cowpea Weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus F.)

Nambavelo Dyno, Manjovelo Christian Sambany, Ravelomanantsoa Ramanambe Nicole, Ngbolua Jean Paul Koto-Te-Nyiwa, Robijaona Rahelivololoniaina Baholy

Abstract


The global reliance on synthetic pesticides for preserving stored cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds is jeopardized by rising insect resistance and food contamination, necessitating urgent exploration of safe, botanical alternatives. This study evaluates the biocidal and repellent potential of essential oils extracted from three geographically distinct Malagasy chemotypes of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) Sambava, Fianarantsoa, and Tsiroamandidy against the devastating stored-product pest, Callosobruchus maculatus F. Chemical profiling revealed distinct compositions, with the Tsiroamandidy essential oil notably enriched in the sesquiterpenoids Khusimol (19.1%) and Zizanoic acid (15.1%). Bioassays demonstrated profound insecticidal effects proportional to concentration (10 to 80μl/l). The oils exhibited rapid fumigant toxicity, with all three chemotypes achieving 100% adult mortality at 60μl/l by 48 hours of exposure. Furthermore, the oils proved to be powerful reproductive inhibitors. Female fertility was completely suppressed at a concentration of 30μl/l, drastically reducing oviposition from the control average of 122 eggs. Most critically, the ovicidal activity was exceptional: the egg hatching rate and subsequent adult emergence (viability) were both completely inhibited (0%) even at the lowest tested dose of 10μl/l (control hatching rate : 82%). Beyond direct lethality, the essential oils demonstrated significant protection through repellency, classifying in the Highly Repellent (Class V) category at concentrations ≥60μl/l. These findings establish regional V. zizanioides essential oils as exceptionally potent, multi-action biopesticides, offering a sustainable and highly effective solution for cowpea preservation. 

Keywords


Bioinsecticide, Callosobruchus maculatus, Cowpea, Essential oils

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdelgaleil, S. A. M., Gad, H. A., Ramadan, G. R. M., El-Bakry, A. M., & El-Sabrout, A. M. (2024). Monoterpenes: chemistry, insecticidal activity against stored product insects and modes of action—a review. International Journal of Pest Management, 70(3), 267–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670874.2021.1982067

Akami, M., Bi, D. N., & Lognay, G. (2017). Essential oil optimizes the susceptibility of Callosobruchus maculatus and enhances the nutritional qualities of stored cowpea. Scientific Reports, 7, 15531. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170692

Assadpour, E., Karaça, A. C., Fasamanesh, M., Akhavan Mahdavi, S., Shariat-Alavi, M., Feng, J., Kharazmi, M. S., Rehman, A., & Jafari, S. M. (2024). Application of essential oils as natural biopesticides; recent advances. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 64(19), 6477–6497. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2170317

Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils. A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2), 446–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106

Balachowsky, A. S. (1962). Entomologie appliquée à l'agriculture Coléoptères (Vol. 1). Masson Éditions.

Campolo, O., Giunti, G., Russo, A., Palmeri, V., & Zappalà, L. (2018). Essential oils in stored product insect pest control. Journal of Food Quality, 2018, 6906105. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6906105

Chougourou D. C & Alavo, T. B. C. (2011). Storage systems and endogenous tactics for insect pests control in stored grain legumes in central Benin. Revue CAMES - Série A, Sciences et Médecine, 12(2), 137-141.

Demeter, S., Lebbe, O., Hecq, F., Nicolis, S. C., Kemene, T. K., Martin, H., Fauconnier, M.-L., & Hance, T. (2021). Insecticidal activity of 25 essential oils on stored-product pests. Insects, 12(3), 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020200

Devi, M. A., Sahoo, D., Singh, T. B., & Rajashekar, Y. (2020). Toxicity, repellency and chemical composition of essential oils from Cymbopogon species against red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 15, 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-019-01264-y

Elbrense, H., El Husseiny, I., Abo El makarem, H. A., Abo Arab, R., & El Kholy, S. (2021). Insecticidal, Antifeedant and repellent efficacy of certain essential oils against adult rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 64(11), 6667–6679. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2021.79263.3897

Et-tazy, L., Lamiri, A., Krimi Bencheqroun, S., Errati, H., Hashem, A., Avila-Quezada, G. D., Abd-Allah, E. F., Satrani, B., Essahli, M., & Satia, L. (2024). Exploring synergistic insecticidal effects of binary mixtures of major compounds from six essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98566-z

FAO. (2014). Africa ranking of commodity-producing countries. Retrieved from http://faostat.fao.org

Gupta, I., Singh, R., Muthusamy, S., Sharma, M., Grewal, K., Singh, H. P., & Batish, D. R. (2023). Plant essential oils as biopesticides: Applications, mechanisms, innovations, and constraints. Plants, 12(16), 2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162916

Idoko, J. E., & Ileke, K. D. (2020). Comparative evaluation of insecticidal properties of essential oils of some selected botanicals as bio-pesticides against Cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00380-2

Isman, M. B. (2000). Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Protection, 9(8–10), 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00079-0

Isman, M. B. (2020). Commercial development of plant essential oils and their constituents as active ingredients in bioinsecticides. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19, 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09653-9

Isman, M. B. (2023). Commercialization and regulation of botanical biopesticides: A global perspective. Dans Development and Commercialization of Biopesticides: Costs and Benefits (p. 25–36). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95290-3.00001-7

Jilani, G., & Saxena, R. C. (1990). Repellent and feeding deterrent effects of turmeric oil, sweetflag oil, neem oil, and a neem-based insecticide against the lesser grain borer (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 83(2), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/83.2.629

Karabörklü, S., & Ayvaz, A. (2023). A comprehensive review of effective essential oil components in stored-product pest management. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 130, 449–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-023-00712-0

Leite, B. M., Cunha, F. A., Bertozzi, B. G., Rocha, L. de O., & Queiroz, L. C. (2023). A review of insecticidal effect of essential oils on stored grain pests. Food Science and Technology, 43. https://doi.org/10.5327/fst.106022

McDonald, L. L., Guy, R. H., & Speirs, R. D. (1970). Preliminary evaluation of new candidate materials as toxicants, repellents, and attractants against stored product insects (Marketing Research Report No. 882). Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Moshrefi Zenoozi, Z., Soltaninezhad, B., Hashemi, M., & Noori, S. M. A. (2022). A review of effective essential oils and their biologically active compounds to protect the safety of food stored against insect pests. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 34(2), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2022.2032420

Nerio, L. S., Olivero-Verbel, J., & Stashenko, E. E. (2009). Repellent activity of essential oils from seven aromatic plants grown in Colombia against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera). Journal of Stored Products Research, 45(3), 212–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2009.01.002

Obeng-Ofori, D., Reichmuth, C. H., Bekele, J., & Hassanali, A. (1998). Toxicity and protectant potential of camphor, a major component of essential oil from Ocimum kilimandscharicum against four stored product beetles. International Journal of Pest Management, 44(4), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/096708798228112

Papachristos, D. P., & Stamopoulos, D. C. (2002). Repellent, toxic and reproduction inhibitory effects of essential oil vapors on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 38(2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(01)00007-8

Rajendran, S., & Sriranjini, V. (2008). Plant products as fumigants for stored-product insect control. Journal of Stored Products Research, 44(2), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2007.08.003

Shaaya, E., Ravid, U., Paster, N., Juven, B., Zisman, U., & Pissarev, V. (1997). Fumigant toxicity of essential oils against four major stored-product insects. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 23(4), 881–891. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00982120

Toloza, A. C., Zygadlo, J., Mougabure Cueto, G., Biurrun, F., Zerba, E., & Picollo, M. I. (2006). Fumigant and repellent properties of essential oils and component compounds against permethrin-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina. Journal of Medical Entomology, 43(5), 889–895. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/43.5.889.

Zhu, Z., Zhao, S., & Wang, C. (2022). Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities of Peganum harmala and its ingredients: A review. Molecules, 27(13), 4161. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134161




DOI: https://doi.org/10.33258/birex.v7i4.8125

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 0 times
PDF - 0 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
 

 

Statcounter for Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx Journal)